Art History: BVA 312 - 16/10/2019 (Book: The global contemporary and the rise of new art worlds)
What I have found after reading this book?
Abu Dhabi:
Approaching globalization.
- Guggenheim (94-97)
- Louvre
Pg 100： Biennials and new art regions. Given rise to a network of institutions and auctions who seek cultural identity in regional art in order to gain global recognition.
Auction House: The increase of sales in Asian art.
*The sales chart pg 135
UK (decrease) vs China (increase)
- Christies escalation in Asian Art
- Sotheby, consolidated sales in Asia reached $1 Billion in 2011.
Sales now in Europe, America and Asia (also Middle East) [The inclusion of middle east is a little tricky. Politics happening around middle east is affecting its economy, only the parts of Middle east’s gulf areas are rich. Not equally distributed.]
Main findings on my art history essay.
Pg 142: Contemporary art economy has a blurred boundary between collecting and investing.
Globalization and Contemporary Art (Weibel, 2013)
Definition for globalization: One effect of globalization is that encounters between different cultures, religions, and languages, as well as between different ethnic and national identities, have intensified.
- Civilization meet in a clash, that is, as hostile antagonists or protagonists.
Terms of inclusion and exclusion, towards a culture. Based on the exploration based art exhibition in 1996, Inklusion:Exklusion and conceived a “ museum of global art”.
Now for the first time they find themselves in the situation – or at least potentially in a situation – where other states determine who is included and excluded. (Threaten with the idea of globalization no longer the country of modernity. Unliike before, did not have the authority to choose.
Borromean rings of economy (It’s the symbol of the Olympic games). Politics, and art under the sign of “creative Destruction”.
Hence the powerful forces that was once led to the global hegemony of the West – namely, the nation-state and capitalism – are threatened from within.
Only now, when the consequences is apparent that these forces are threatening Europe itself - namely, that as the Other Europe will be expunged – are the negative sides of modernization, colonization, and globalization recognized.
Postmodern --- Modernity.
Pg 21: The consequences of modernity problem arise: exclusion on different culture.
The difference between inclusion and exclusion makes it possible to construct identity.
** Because modernity is the result of differentiation, it also applies rules of inclusion/exclusion. This is the reason why there is no simple solution for counteracting tendencies to exclude.
Globalization is the result and the product of Western modernity, but at this historical moment globalization of turning against the very author of globalization.
I can discuss the progression during modernity until the 21st century. (Western autonomy to cultural freedom – exclusion of other cultures)
The year 1989 is an important date. It is the mark of evolution, signifies the end of western monopolies. The rise of Arabia, Asia, Africa, and South America.
Pg 22: The structure of the world.
First World: Japan, North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. (Industrialization nation)
Second World: Former USSR. [Agrarian]
Third World: Product of colonization. (Not white country) [Agrarian]
A good example on my questioning: How precisely these rewriting processes of cultures, economic systems, and states occur under pressure from globalization was an essential focus of the exhibition the globalization was an essential focus of the exhibition The Global Contemporary.
THE END IF EUROPEAN EXAPANSION, THAT IS, THE END OF THE COLONIAL CONDITION, SIGNIFIED THE END OF MODERNITY.
- Helps to shape the global map in social and cultural terms.
- Western hegemony has dominated the world for 500 years.
- Pg 22 discuss western hegemony and the fall of it.
Pg 23: The benefit of globalization in 21st century.
Immanuel Wallerstein written one of the most popular books, World Inequality, which rephrases the French Revolution’s call for equality under the changed conditions of historical capitalism. *In the nineteenth century, the claim to equality was coupled with the idea of nation state.
Today, the economy is global and extends far beyond the nation-state. Globalization means producing and distributing goods to all corners of the global. The modern global is a CAPITALIST global economy arose in the sixteenth century in Europe on the back of the accumulation of capital, mechanism of inequality, and the division of labor.
Pg 24: [Nowadays, community is no longer in the perspective of universalism.] Racism serves as an all-embracing ideology to justify inequality.
Races are created socially by the dominant social forces as are classes, of peripheries and provinces in order to defend the center. (Called ethnicization)
Contemporary art in the global age addresses the opportunities for a gradual transformation of the culture of this capitalist world system and the attendant difficulties and contradictions as well as the opportunities for developing and understanding of the other cultures and their equality, assuming that such art takes such qualities seriously and is worthy of its name.
Globalization encourage new continents and countries to enter the art world.
Contemporary art introduces new art world, from arab to asia. Effects on globalization.
Finally entering the world. Globalization = Contemporary.
Contemporary ideology changes the western canon.
** How contemporary art changes the society by highlighting the positive attributes of globalization in the art market.
Pg: 20th century is the hegemony of photography. (Not discussed in my essay)
Globalization Data
Pg 134 – 135
A 25-Year overview of the Art Market.
Art market doubled in 25 years and grew over 575% from lowest point in 1991 to its highest 2007.
** Note for the expansion on Art Market. [Chinese buyers become the dominant force]
Globalization of the market, and in particular new buyers and markets in China and elsewhere, has been instrumental in driving growth.
The art market’s expansion has been driven by the growth and wider global distribution of high net worth wealth around the world.
Pg 136: The Chinese market in 2011. Relies heavily on domestic buyers.
Christie’s expansion.
The expansion of Asian escalated fast. Hong Kong (China), Dubai (Middle East).
“Asian Art” category, which are growing faster than anywhere in the world, reach a 65% increase year after year.
Sotheby’s Worldwide.
Sotheby’s consolidated sales in Asia reached $1 billion in 2011.
Comparison and discussion of the change from world art to global art.
World art is an old idea complementary to modernism, designating the art of the others because or although it was mostly to be found in Western museums.
Global art is contemporary and in spirit postcolonial; thus it is guided by the intention to replace the center and periphery scheme of hegemonic modernity.
Works Cited
Belting, H. (2013). From world art to global art. In H. Belting, A. Buddensieg, & P. Weibel, The global contemporary and the rise of New art worlds (pp. 178-185). Karlsruhe: ZKM.
Belting, H., Buddensieg, A., & Weibel, P. (2013). The global contemporary and the rise of New art worlds.Karlsruhe: ZKM .
Weibel, P. (2013). Globalization and contemporary art . In H. Belting, A. Buddensieg, & P. Weibel, The Global Contemporary and the Rise of New Art Worlds (pp. 20-27). Karlsruhe : ZKM book.
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